一. 介词by的用法
1. 意为“在……旁”，“靠近”。
Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake.
有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。
2. 意为“不迟于”，“到……时为止”。
Your son will be all right by supper time.
你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。
How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?
到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲?
3. 表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。
The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。
The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的`感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。
4. 表示“逐个”，“逐批”的意思。
One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。
5. 表示“根据”，“按照”的意思。
What time is it by your watch?
你的表几点了?
6. 和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。
I took him by the hand.
我拉住了他的手。
7. 用于被动句中，表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等。
English is spoken by many people.
英语被许多人说。(即“许多人讲英语。”)
二. 动名词(doing)
动名词相当于名词,在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1. 作主语
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方与北方开战了。
2. 作宾语
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗?
3. 作表语
Babysister’s job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children.
保姆的工作是洗衣服,作饭和照看孩子。
4. 做定语
a washing machine 一台洗衣机
初三英语基础知识点
重点短语
1.put on 增加(体重);发胖
2.care about 关心; 在乎
3.end up 最终成为， 最后处于
4.not only ……but also……不但……而且……
5.shoot down 射下
6.used to do 过去常常做……
7.remind sb. of 使某人想起
8.give out 分发 发放
9.the water festival 泼水节
10.the Chinese spring festival 中国春节
11.next year 明年
重点句型
1. I think that they’ re fun to watch.
我认为它们看着很有意思。
2. What do you like about… ?
What do you like best about the Dragon Boat Festival?
关于端午节，你最喜欢什么?
3. What a great day!
多么美好的一天!
4 .1 wonder if…
I wonder if it’s similar to the Water Festival of the Dai people in Yunnan Province.
我想知道它是否与云南傣族的泼水节相似。
5. How+adj. /adv. + 主 + 谓!
How fantastic the dragon boat teams were!
龙舟队多棒啊!
6.What + 名词+主语+谓语!
What an interesting book it is!
它是一本多么有趣的书啊!
初中英语必备知识
1.宾语从句的语序问题
以上介绍了三种宾语从句，同学们一定要注意，在疑问词或if/whether引导的宾语从句中，一定要用陈述句语序。
e.g.She asked how old I was.
We don’t know where her office is.
My teacher wanted to know if I like English.
2.宾语从句的时态问题
一般情况下宾语从句的时态必须和主句的时态保持一致：
当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句中的谓语动词不受时态限制。
e.g.She says that she is a student.
She says that she was a student two years ago.
She says that she will be a college student soon.
She says that she has been a college student for 3 years.
当主句的谓语动词是过去时时，宾语从句中只能用过去的某种时态。
e.g.He told me that he would leave soon.
He said that he was watching TV.
He didn’t tell me whether he had finished this homework.
但如果宾语从句中讲述的客观事实、一般真理或自然现象时，则不受它限制。
e.g.My teacher told us that Yangtze River is the longest river in our country.
宾语从句
1、语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：
(1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who, what, which等。如：
Could you tell me who knows the answer，please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?
The small children dont know what is in their stockings、这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西。
I dont know which belongs to my father、
(2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose, what, which, how many, how much等。如：
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class、他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room、老师问我们房间里有多少人。
(3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的`连接词有：who(m), what, which, how many, how much, when, why, how, where, if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)。如：
He hasnt decided if hell go on a trip to Wuxi、他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?
(4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what, which, how many, how much, how等。如：
Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗?
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was、她问我是否知道这是谁的.钢笔。
2、连接词
(1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：
He said that he could finish his work before supper、他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
(2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：
I dont know if /whether he still lives here after so many years、
但在下列情况下只能用whether：
①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如：
Let me know whether /if he will come or not、(=Let me know whethe or not he will come)
I dont know whether/if he does any washing or not、(=I dont know whether or not he does any washing、)
I wonder whether we stay or whether we go、
②在介词之后用whether。如：
Im interested in whether he likes English、我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
Were thinking about whether we can finish the work on time、
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings、我担心是否伤了她的感情。
③在不定式前用whether。如：
He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man、他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
I dont know whether to go、我不知去否。
He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train、他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。
④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：
Whether this is true or not, I cant say、这是否真的我说不上来。
⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：
Whether she will come or not is still a question、她是否能来还是个问题。
The question is whether we can catch the bus、问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。
⑥ 若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：
Please let me know if you like the book、可理解为：a、 Please let me know whether you like the book、请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。B、 If you like the book, please let me know、你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。
(3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?
形容词
形容词即是表示人或物的特征、性质或状态，修饰名词或不定代词的词。
1)作定语，放在名词之前，不定代词之后
但少数形容词只能作表语如：alone, afraid, asleep, awake, alive, well等 eg: I have something important to tell you. Don’t be afraid. 2)作表语，放在系动词之后
eg: He looks happy.
3)作宾语，放在宾语之后，常与make,leave,keep等动词连用。
eg: You must keepyour eyes closed.
2.某些形容词说明事物之间的关系、方位，时间、用途等，不能用程度副词来修饰，也没有比较等级的变化，如the same, different,southern, northern, Chinese,Japanese等
3.形容词的名词化
某些形容词放在定冠词后，变成名词，表示一类人。常见的有good/bad, rich/poor,young/old, deaf/blind,black/white,living/dead等 eg:The young should be polite to the old.年轻人应该对老人有礼貌。
4.形容词的排序
顺序：限定词+数量形容词(序前，基后)+性状形+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料 如：two round blue plastic plates两个圆形的蓝色塑料盘
5.名词变形容词的方法：
1)后加y/ny; cloud-clody,sun-sunny
2)后加ern, west-western,
3)表称谓诶和表示时间的名词后加ly, friend-friendly
4)表物质的名词，后加en/y, wood-wooden, salt-salty
5)表抽象意义的名词后加ful/y/less, care-careful/careless, luck-lucky, 6) 表示大州与国家的名词后加n, Aisa-Aisan
一、初中句法的两大语态
1、主动语态，即当主语是谓语动作的发出者时，被称之为是主动语态;例如：The students clean their desk every morning、
2、被动语态，即当主语是谓语动作的承受者时，被称之为是被动语态;例如：Their desk is cleaned by the students every morning、
二、初中语法中的八大时态
1、一般现在时：指现在的某种状况及经常或反复发生的动作和行为，例如：he has nine classes every day、
2、一般过去时：指过去在某个时间段里发生的动作或过去习惯性的动作，例如：You didn’t stay with my sister yesterday、
3、一般将来时:表示将要发生的动作或准备做某事的一种状态，例如：My little 王芸brother will get married、
4、过去进行时:表示过去某段时间里及某个时刻正在发生或进行的动作，例如：My sister was playing game from six to ten last night、
5、过去将来时:从过去的某个时刻看将来的事情，宾语从句中经常会出现，例如：My friend said he would visit the Great Wall next weekend、
6、过去完成时:在过去的某个时间之前发生的行为，即“过去的过去”，例如：She said she had worked in that company since 2000、
7、现在进行时：表示此刻说话时正在进行的动作，例如：She is washing her hand、
8、现在完成时:过去已经发生的事情对现在造成的影响或从过去已经开始并且持续到现在的动作，例如：I have worked in that company since 2000、
一、单词
(注：红体字为本单元核心词汇)
conversation n. 交谈;谈话
aloud adv.大声地;出声地
pronunciation n. 发音;读音
sentence n. 句子
patient adj. 有耐心的 n.病人
expression n. 表达(方式);表示
discover v. 发现;发觉
secret n. 秘密;秘诀 adj. 秘密的;保密的
grammar n. 语法
repeat v. 重复;重做
note n. 笔记;记录 v. 注意;指出
chemistry n. 化学
memorize 记住，记忆
pattern,模式，方式
pronounce v. 发音
increase v. 增加;增长
speed n. 速度
partner 搭档，同伴
ability n. 能力;才能
create 创造，创建
brain n. 大脑
active adj. 活跃的;积极的
attention n. 注意;关注
connect v.(使)连接;与有联系
review v. & n. 回顾;复习
knowledge n. 知识;学问
wisely adv. 明智地;聪明地
二、短语
Ask sb for help向某人寻求帮助
Finish doing sth.完成做某事
Because of … 因为…
Try to do sth.尽力做某事
At first 首先
Be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事
Fall in love with 爱上某人
Make mistakes 犯错误
Depend on 依赖于，取决于
Be interest in 对…感兴趣
Take notes 做笔记
Keep a diary 写日记
look up 查阅，抬头看
be born with 天生具有
pay attention to 注意;关注
connect… with 把和连接或联系起来
三、句型
1、How do you learn English?
I learn by doing sth.
2、How can I improve …?
One way is by doing sth.
3、Do you learn English by doing sth.?
Yes, I do.
4、What about doing sth.?
5、the +adj.比较级…the + adj.比较级
6、I don`t know how to dosth.
7、It is +adj.+for sb.+todo sth.
8、I want to do sth. sothat +目的'状语从句
9、Even if +让步状语从句，+主句。
四、语法
1、by +动名词(doing)
2、althougheven if sothat 引导的状语从句